Conductive Silicone Market - Forecast(2024 - 2030)

Report Code: CMR 66523 Report Format: PDF + Excel

Conductive Silicone Market Overview 

Conductive Silicone Market size is forecast to reach $5.78 billion by 2025, after growing at a CAGR of 7.8% during 2020-2025. Conductive silicones are additives that allow electrical current to flow through silicone. Electrically conductive silicones have been used in automotive and industrial applications such as radio frequency shielding and sealing. The major use is because of its excellent biocompatibility, flexibility, high chemical resistance, stability over a wide temperature range, and ease of manufacturing. The companies are adopting various strategies and investing a lot in R&D to develop technical advancement in the conductive silicone. However, the pandemic has turned to be the biggest challenge for the market in 2020.

Conductive Silicone Market Report Coverage

The report: “Conductive Silicone Market – Forecast (2020-2025)”, by IndustryARC, covers an in-depth analysis of the following segments of the Conductive Silicone Market. 
By Product Type: Silicon Elastomers (Liquid Silicone Rubber (LSR), Room Temperature Vulcanization (RTV) and Heat Cured Rubber (HCR)), Silicone Resins, Silicone Gels and Others
By Application: Thermal Interface Materials (Gap fillers, Thermal Rubber Pads, Thermal Films, Phase change, Thermal Grease, Thermally Conductive Hardware and Others), Adhesive and Sealants, Conformal Coating, Encapsulants & Potting Compounds, Electronic Circuits, Medical Devices and Others 
By End-Use Industry: Aerospace and Defense, Telecommunication, Electrical and Electronics, Medical Industry, Automotive, Buildings and Construction, Energy and Power and Others
By Geography: North America, South America, Europe, Asia Pacific (APAC), and Rest of World (RoW)

Key Takeaways

  • Conductive Silicones Market plays an undeniably significant job supporting improvement, advancement, and progress in a wide scope of American industry parts, speaking to items from vehicles to gadgets to customer items, for example, household and personal care item. 
  • In health care applications, silicones provide a unique combination of properties that reduce patient risk, including important contributions to medical devices and innovations.
  • Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, most of the countries have gone under temporary shutdown, due to which operations of silicones and related industries has been negatively affected, thus hampering the growth of conductive silicone market.
  • The key focuses areas will include the applications and the end use industry of conductive silicone market and market estimation analysis geographically.
  • The report in depth provides an understanding of conductive silicone market such as company analysis consisting of market share, company revenue, products, M&A and developments.

Conductive Silicone Market Segment Analysis - By Product Type

Silicone Elastomers held the largest market share in 2019. Liquid silicone rubber (LSR) injection molding is used from several years and now its use is significantly expanding in the recent years. The growth is due to the rise in demand in medical devices and wearable technologies, automotive, infant care and in household goods. It cures faster and offers properties which are not obtainable with traditional rubber materials, especially heat resistance, extreme low-temperature flexibility, chemical resistance, biological inertness, and an intrinsic capacity for reducing friction.

Conductive Silicone Market Segment Analysis - By Application

Adhesives and Sealants are projected to witness the highest share in the Conductive Silicone Market in 2019. They are used for bonding in the conventional solar panels and used as a thin semiconductor for the new generation of solar panels. Around 90% of solar cells are based on silicon. They are also used in the energy transmission and distribution because it increases durability and weather protection. Adhesives and Sealants are used in electronic devices to produce circuits, connectors, capacitors, coils, transistors, and tubes. Silicones are extensively used within various industrial process requiring resistance to high pressure, temperature and corrosion and adaptation to all kind of surfaces.

Conductive Silicone Market Segment Analysis - By End-Use Industry

The Energy and Power sector dominates Conductive silicone market growing at a CAGR of 11%. According to Global Silicone Council it is estimated that about 788,000 tons of silicone products are annually purchased for the use in the Energy and power sector in renewable energy sources like solar panels and wind turbines and for traditional energy sources like oil, gas and electricity. In 2015 approximately 180 GW of solar photovoltaic capacity was installed. It is estimated that by 2030 the solar energy market will reach $5 trillion of its cumulative revenue. This segment is witnessing growth due to the rising penetration from untapped markets and growing demand for energy worldwide.

Conductive Silicone Market Segment Analysis - By Geography

Asia-Pacific (APAC) dominated the PVC Additives market growing at CAGR of 40% followed by North America and Europe. APAC as a whole is set to continue to be one of the largest and fastest growing markets globally. Large and mature markets such China, India, Japan, and South Korea are expected to grow more in the coming years. China is driving much of the conductive silicone market demand in Asia-Pacific region followed by India and Japan. Of the five fastest growing regions in power and energy sector, other than the U.S all are Asian countries including China and India who majorly drive the demand for power and health care investment in this region. The key sectors for silicones sales are Power and Energy, industrial processes, personal care and households, electronics, and health care. The strong and healthy growth is associated with growing population and middle-class economy, which tend to drive the market further and hence the conductive silicone market. The increasing number of R&D, along with the rise in the number of new industries has further propelled the market. Currently the industry has been affected due to COVID-19 pandemic where most of the industrial activity has been temporarily shut down. In in turn has affected the demand and supply chain as well which has been restricting the growth in year 2020.

Conductive Silicone Market Drivers

Increasing demand for Sustainable Development 

Silicones are used in highly sustainable energy technologies like solar and wind power. Silicone play an important role in as it enhances performance and durability of many commercial and industrial products. Silicone lends its useful characteristics when applied to other materials allowing products to last longer, spread better, stay flexible or rigid, and withstand extreme temperatures or humidity, thus reducing the resource and energy consumption of the products in which silicones are used.

R&D and rise in investment will drive the Conductive Silicone Market

The companies are adopting various growth strategies and investing in R&D extensively to develop technically advanced unique products. The increase in demand is leading towards the new growth. Silicones have helped advance technologies and innovations such as LED lights, electric vehicles, medical prosthetics, and renewable energy sources, such as wind turbines and solar panels.

Conductive Silicone Market Challenges

Disruption in supply chain can restrict the growth of the Conductive Silicone Market

Due to the tightening of Chinese environmental norms some feedstock facilities were forced to shut down to meet air quality regulation leading in supply shortage. The major challenge is to deal with the short supply without hampering the environment. The demand for the products is increasing but due to the closing of the facilities it is making a disbalance between the demand and supply and causing a disruption in easy supply chain leading to restricted growth in conductive silicone market.

The emergence of COVID-19 pandemic

The emergence of COVID-19, which is declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization, is having a noticeable impact on global economic growth. According to International Monetary Fund, the global GDP is expected to decline by 3% in 2020. According to World Trade Organization (WTO), global trade volumes are projected to decline between 13% and 32% in 2020 as a result of the economic impact of COVID-19. Currently the conductive silicone market has been affected due to COVID-19 pandemic where most of the industrial activity has been temporarily shut down. In turn has affected the demand and supply chain as well which has been restricting the growth in year 2020. 

Conductive Silicone Market Landscape 

The changing technology and R&D activities are key strategies adopted by players in the conductive silicone market. In 2019, the market of conductive silicone has been consolidated by the top ten players accounting for xx% of the share. Major players in the conductive silicone market are Shin-Etsu Chemical Company Ltd., Evonik Industries AG, Dow Corning Corporation, Specialty Silicone Products Inc., and others.

Acquisitions/Technology Launches

  • In June 2018, ProMed added carbon nanotubes, the new additive which turned out to be a game changer for silicone raw material manufacturer to offer electrically conductive silicones that are capable of basic material testing requirements (including USP Class VI) for medical devices. It has also partnered with several companies experimenting with conductive silicone medical products in the R&D stage.

1. Conductive Silicone Market- Market Overview
    1.1 Definitions and Scope
2. Conductive Silicone Market- Executive Summary
    2.1 Market Revenue, Market Size and Key Trends by Company
    2.2 Key Trends by Product Type
    2.3 Key Trends by Application
    2.4 Key Trends by End-Use Industry
    2.5 Key Trends by Geography
3. Conductive Silicone Market- Landscape
    3.1 Comparative analysis 
        3.1.1 Market Share Analysis- Top Companies
        3.1.2 Product Benchmarking- Top Companies
        3.1.3 Top 5 Financials Analysis
        3.1.4 Patent Analysis- Top Companies
        3.1.5 Pricing Analysis
4. Conductive Silicone Market - Startup companies Scenario Premium Premium 
    4.1 Top startup company Analysis by
        4.1.1 Investment
        4.1.2 Revenue
        4.1.3 Market Shares
        4.1.4 Market Size and Application Analysis
        4.1.5 Venture Capital and Funding Scenario
5. Conductive Silicone Market– Industry Market Entry Scenario Premium Premium 
    5.1 Regulatory Framework Overview
    5.2 New Business and Ease of Doing business index
    5.3 Successful venture profiles
    5.4 Customer Analysis - Top companies
6. Conductive Silicone Market- Market Forces
    6.1 Market Drivers
    6.2 Market Constraints
    6.3 Market Opportunities
    6.4 Porters five force model
        6.4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
        6.4.2 Bargaining powers of customers
        6.4.3 Threat of new entrants
        6.4.4 Rivalry among existing players
        6.4.5 Threat of substitutes 
7. Conductive Silicone Market -Strategic analysis
    7.1 Value chain analysis
    7.2 Opportunities analysis
    7.3 Market life cycle
    7.4 Suppliers and distributors Analysis
8. Conductive Silicone Market– By Product Type (Market Size -$Million)
    8.1 Silicone Elastomers
        8.1.1 Liquid Silicone Rubber (LSR)
        8.1.2 Room Temperature Vulcanization (RTV)
        8.1.3 Heat Cured Rubber (HCR)
    8.2 Silicone Resins
    8.3 Silicone Gels
    8.4 Others
9. Conductive Silicone Market– By Application (Market Size -$Million)
    9.1 Thermal Interface Materials
        9.1.1 Gap Fillers 
        9.1.2 Thermal Rubber Pads 
        9.1.3 Thermal Films
        9.1.4 Phase Change
        9.1.5 Thermal Grease 
        9.1.6 Thermally conductive Hardware
        9.1.7 Others
    9.2 Adhesive and Sealants
    9.3 Conformal Coatings
    9.4 Encapsulants & Potting Compounds
    9.5 Electronic Circuits
    9.6 Medical Devices
    9.7 Others
10. Conductive Silicone Market– By End-Use Industry (Market Size -$Million)
    10.1 Aerospace and Defense 
    10.2 Telecommunication 
    10.3 Electrical and Electronics 
    0.4 Medical Industry
    10.5 Automotive 
    10.6 Buildings and Construction
    10.7 Energy and Power
    10.8 Others
11. Conductive Silicone Market - By Geography (Market Size -$Million)
    11.1 North America
        11.1.1 U.S.
        11.1.2 Canada
        11.1.3 Mexico
    11.2 South America
        11.2.1 Brazil
        11.2.2 Argentina
        11.2.3 Colombia
        11.2.4 Rest of South America
    11.3 Europe
        11.3.1 UK
        11.3.2 Germany
        11.3.3 France
        11.3.4 Italy
        11.3.5 Spain
        11.3.6 Russia
        11.3.7 Rest of Europe
    11.4 Asia Pacific (APAC)
        11.4.1 China
        11.4.2 Japan
        11.4.3 India
        11.4.4 South Korea
        11.4.5 ANZ
        11.4.6 Indonesia
        11.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
    11.5 Rest of World (RoW)
        11.5.1 Middle East
            11.5.1.1 Saudi Arabia
            11.5.1.2 UAE
            11.5.1.3 Rest of Middle East
        11.5.2 Africa
            11.5.2.1 South Africa
            11.5.2.2 Nigeria
            11.5.2.3 Rest of Africa
12. Conductive Silicone Market- Entropy
    12.1 New Product Launches
    12.2 M&A’s, Collaborations, JVs and Partnerships
13. Market Share Analysis Premium
    13.1 Market Share by Country- Top companies
    13.2 Market Share by Region- Top companies
    13.3 Market Share by type of Product / Product category- Top companies
    13.4 Market Share at global level- Top companies
    13.5 Best Practices for companies
14. Conductive Silicone Market- List of Key Companies by Country Premium 
15. Conductive Silicone Market Company Analysis
    15.1 Market Share, Company Revenue, Products, M&A, Developments
    15.2 Company 1
    15.3 Company 2
    15.4 Company 3
    15.5 Company 4
    15.6 Company 5
    15.7 Company 6
    15.8 Company 7
    15.9 Company 8
    15.10 Company 9
    15.11 Company 10 and more
"*Financials would be provided on a best efforts basis for private companies"

LIST OF TABLES

1.Global Conductive Silicones Market By Type Market 2023-2030 ($M)
1.1 Market Size & Projection Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Global Industry Research
1.2 Silicone Elastomers Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Global Industry Research
1.2.1 Liquid Silicone Rubber Market 2023-2030 ($M)
1.2.2 Room Temperature Vulcanizing Silicone Elastomers Market 2023-2030 ($M)
1.2.3 High Temperature Vulcanizing Silicone Elastomers Market 2023-2030 ($M)
1.3 Silicone Resins Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Global Industry Research
1.4 Silicone Gels Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Global Industry Research
2.Global Conductive Silicones Market By End-Use Industry Market 2023-2030 ($M)
2.1 Telecommunication & IT Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Global Industry Research
2.2 Entertainment Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Global Industry Research
2.3 Automotive Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Global Industry Research
2.4 Building & Construction Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Global Industry Research
2.5 Power Generation & Distribution Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Global Industry Research
2.6 LED Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Global Industry Research
2.7 Photovoltaic Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Global Industry Research
3.Global Conductive Silicones Market By Type Market 2023-2030 (Volume/Units)
3.1 Market Size & Projection Market 2023-2030 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
3.2 Silicone Elastomers Market 2023-2030 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
3.2.1 Liquid Silicone Rubber Market 2023-2030 (Volume/Units)
3.2.2 Room Temperature Vulcanizing Silicone Elastomers Market 2023-2030 (Volume/Units)
3.2.3 High Temperature Vulcanizing Silicone Elastomers Market 2023-2030 (Volume/Units)
3.3 Silicone Resins Market 2023-2030 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
3.4 Silicone Gels Market 2023-2030 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
4.Global Conductive Silicones Market By End-Use Industry Market 2023-2030 (Volume/Units)
4.1 Telecommunication & IT Market 2023-2030 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
4.2 Entertainment Market 2023-2030 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
4.3 Automotive Market 2023-2030 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
4.4 Building & Construction Market 2023-2030 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
4.5 Power Generation & Distribution Market 2023-2030 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
4.6 LED Market 2023-2030 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
4.7 Photovoltaic Market 2023-2030 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
5.North America Conductive Silicones Market By Type Market 2023-2030 ($M)
5.1 Market Size & Projection Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
5.2 Silicone Elastomers Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
5.2.1 Liquid Silicone Rubber Market 2023-2030 ($M)
5.2.2 Room Temperature Vulcanizing Silicone Elastomers Market 2023-2030 ($M)
5.2.3 High Temperature Vulcanizing Silicone Elastomers Market 2023-2030 ($M)
5.3 Silicone Resins Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
5.4 Silicone Gels Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
6.North America Conductive Silicones Market By End-Use Industry Market 2023-2030 ($M)
6.1 Telecommunication & IT Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
6.2 Entertainment Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
6.3 Automotive Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
6.4 Building & Construction Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
6.5 Power Generation & Distribution Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
6.6 LED Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
6.7 Photovoltaic Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
7.South America Conductive Silicones Market By Type Market 2023-2030 ($M)
7.1 Market Size & Projection Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
7.2 Silicone Elastomers Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
7.2.1 Liquid Silicone Rubber Market 2023-2030 ($M)
7.2.2 Room Temperature Vulcanizing Silicone Elastomers Market 2023-2030 ($M)
7.2.3 High Temperature Vulcanizing Silicone Elastomers Market 2023-2030 ($M)
7.3 Silicone Resins Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
7.4 Silicone Gels Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
8.South America Conductive Silicones Market By End-Use Industry Market 2023-2030 ($M)
8.1 Telecommunication & IT Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
8.2 Entertainment Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
8.3 Automotive Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
8.4 Building & Construction Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
8.5 Power Generation & Distribution Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
8.6 LED Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
8.7 Photovoltaic Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
9.Europe Conductive Silicones Market By Type Market 2023-2030 ($M)
9.1 Market Size & Projection Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
9.2 Silicone Elastomers Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
9.2.1 Liquid Silicone Rubber Market 2023-2030 ($M)
9.2.2 Room Temperature Vulcanizing Silicone Elastomers Market 2023-2030 ($M)
9.2.3 High Temperature Vulcanizing Silicone Elastomers Market 2023-2030 ($M)
9.3 Silicone Resins Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
9.4 Silicone Gels Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
10.Europe Conductive Silicones Market By End-Use Industry Market 2023-2030 ($M)
10.1 Telecommunication & IT Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
10.2 Entertainment Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
10.3 Automotive Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
10.4 Building & Construction Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
10.5 Power Generation & Distribution Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
10.6 LED Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
10.7 Photovoltaic Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
11.APAC Conductive Silicones Market By Type Market 2023-2030 ($M)
11.1 Market Size & Projection Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
11.2 Silicone Elastomers Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
11.2.1 Liquid Silicone Rubber Market 2023-2030 ($M)
11.2.2 Room Temperature Vulcanizing Silicone Elastomers Market 2023-2030 ($M)
11.2.3 High Temperature Vulcanizing Silicone Elastomers Market 2023-2030 ($M)
11.3 Silicone Resins Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
11.4 Silicone Gels Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
12.APAC Conductive Silicones Market By End-Use Industry Market 2023-2030 ($M)
12.1 Telecommunication & IT Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
12.2 Entertainment Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
12.3 Automotive Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
12.4 Building & Construction Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
12.5 Power Generation & Distribution Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
12.6 LED Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
12.7 Photovoltaic Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
13.MENA Conductive Silicones Market By Type Market 2023-2030 ($M)
13.1 Market Size & Projection Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
13.2 Silicone Elastomers Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
13.2.1 Liquid Silicone Rubber Market 2023-2030 ($M)
13.2.2 Room Temperature Vulcanizing Silicone Elastomers Market 2023-2030 ($M)
13.2.3 High Temperature Vulcanizing Silicone Elastomers Market 2023-2030 ($M)
13.3 Silicone Resins Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
13.4 Silicone Gels Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
14.MENA Conductive Silicones Market By End-Use Industry Market 2023-2030 ($M)
14.1 Telecommunication & IT Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
14.2 Entertainment Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
14.3 Automotive Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
14.4 Building & Construction Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
14.5 Power Generation & Distribution Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
14.6 LED Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
14.7 Photovoltaic Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research

LIST OF FIGURES

1.US Conductive Silicone Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
2.Canada Conductive Silicone Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
3.Mexico Conductive Silicone Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
4.Brazil Conductive Silicone Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
5.Argentina Conductive Silicone Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
6.Peru Conductive Silicone Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
7.Colombia Conductive Silicone Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
8.Chile Conductive Silicone Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
9.Rest of South America Conductive Silicone Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
10.UK Conductive Silicone Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
11.Germany Conductive Silicone Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
12.France Conductive Silicone Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
13.Italy Conductive Silicone Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
14.Spain Conductive Silicone Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
15.Rest of Europe Conductive Silicone Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
16.China Conductive Silicone Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
17.India Conductive Silicone Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
18.Japan Conductive Silicone Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
19.South Korea Conductive Silicone Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
20.South Africa Conductive Silicone Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
21.North America Conductive Silicone By Application
22.South America Conductive Silicone By Application
23.Europe Conductive Silicone By Application
24.APAC Conductive Silicone By Application
25.MENA Conductive Silicone By Application
26.DOW Corning Corporation, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
27.Wacker Chemie AG, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
28.Momentive Performance Materials Inc., Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
29.Evonik Industries AG, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
30.KCC Corporation, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
31.Bluestar Silicones, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
32.ACC Silicones Ltd., Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
33.Nusil Technologies LLC, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
34.Reiss Manufacturing Inc., Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
35.Additional Company Profile, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)