Data Center Automation Market - Forecast(2024 - 2030)

Report Code: ITR 41637 Report Format: PDF + Excel
Overview

Data Center Automation Market size was valued at $6.59 billion in 2019, and it is estimated to grow at a CAGR of 12.65% during 2020-2025. The growth is mainly attributed to the increasing adoption of IoT and automation technologies in industries is set to drive the market growth. Data centers are the centralized sources that are used for storage, management and categorizing the data or information pertaining to particular business or organization. It automates the workflow and processes of a data center facility and helps in reducing the human efforts for managing and controlling the data center. This is poised to propel the market growth.

Report Coverage

The report: “Data Center Automation Market Forecast (2020-2025)”, by IndustryARC, covers an in-depth analysis of the following segments of the Data Center Automation Market. 

By Service: Consulting Services, Installation & Support Services
By Solution Type: Network Automation, Server Automation, Storage Automation
By End User: Enterprises, Cloud Services Provider, Colocation Services Provider
By Industry Vertical: IT & Telecom, Media & Entertainment, Public Sector, Retail, Manufacturing, Healthcare & Other industries.
By Geography: North America (U.S., Canada and Mexico); South America (Brazil, Argentina, Rest of Americas); Europe (U.K., Germany, Italy, France, Rest of Europe); APAC (China, Japan, South Korea, India, Rest of APAC); RoW (Middle East & Africa)

Key Takeaways
  • North America dominated the Data Center Automation market in term of revenue in 2019 owing to the presence of major number of players and high adoption of advanced technologies.
  • Adoption of advanced technologies such as IoT, AI technologies in industries and stringent regulations to use advanced equipment is poised to propel the market growth.  
  • Increasing adoption of automation technology in healthcare industry is set to provide opportunities for the market growth.
  • Data security is the major challenge that hampers the market growth.

Solution Type - Segment Analysis3

Network Automation held the major share of 42.96% in 2019. Adoption of network automation solution type drives the market growth owing to its speed and increased efficiency. Network automation helps in eliminating manual network tasks, such as provisioning, scripting, implementing change requests, and identifying causes of slowdowns and outages. Furthermore, increased network complexity drives the need for automation, thereby driving data center automation market.

Industry Vertical - Segment Analysis

Healthcare is the fastest growing segment in Data Center Automation market and estimated to grow at a CAGR of 12.96% during forecast period 2020-2025. In healthcare, there has been increasing digitization which set to drive the market growth. Additionally, growing trend for online Electronic Health Records (EHRs) and e-prescriptions is further propelling the data center automation market. Moreover, the regulatory compliances such as HIPPA, and other data privacy acts fuel the market growth.

Geography- Segment Analysis

North America dominated the Data Center Automation market in 2019 with a market share of 34.18%, followed by Europe and APAC owing to the presence of large number of players. In addition to these, early adoption of advanced technologies in industries which set to drive the market growth. The expansion of mobile broadband and increasing adoption of big data analytics and cloud computing are driving the demand for new data center infrastructures. This further increase the demand for data center automation market in this region. 

Drivers –Data Center Automation Market

Adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in data centers

Adoption of artificial intelligence in data centers has been significantly increasing in order to improve the energy efficiency of data centers. Adoption of AI in the data center helps in automating various tasks such as temperature management, floor security, equipment status monitoring, and others. With the AI technology, organizations can reduce staffing shortages and thereby helps in facilitating energy efficient operations. AI can also offer administrators with advanced analytics and predictive analytics in order to enhance the automation process and this is set to drive the market growth.

Increase in implementation of advanced technologies

In data centers, there has been increasing implementation of IoT and this set to drive the market growth. IoT helps in optimizing client data flow, security, storage requirements and access capabilities. In future, IoT could give the data center more flexibility to pass along to the client, and even handing off server management to the customers themselves. IoT also allow data center operators in order to manage servers without using an excess amount of energy. In addition to these, usage of various tools such as Ansible, Puppet, Chef, OpenStack for data center automation is set to drive the market growth.

Challenges – Data Center Automation Market

Privacy and Security of data  hampers the market growth

Data center workforce often oversee an increasingly complex environment containing a heterogeneous mix of applications, databases and competing platforms. Managing this environment through scripting and platform/application-specific scheduling tools can be inefficient and time-consuming, which leads to workload management challenges. These uncoordinated tools require continuous updating in the face of change, increasing operational costs and reducing staff productivity. Additionally, there is data security concern which hampers the market growth.

Market Landscape

Technology launches, Acquisitions, Collaboration, and R&D activities are key strategies adopted by players in the Data Center Automation market. Data Center Automation top 10 companies include BMC Software Inc, Brocade Communications Systems, CA Technologies Inc, Cisco, Dell Inc, Fujitsu, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Microsoft Corporation, Oracle, VMware Inc and others.

Acquisitions/Technology Launches
  • In November 2019, Dell had launched Dell EMC PowerOne, an autonomous infrastructure solution which helps in automating management and maintenance of Dell EMC hardware in data centers. Introduction of advanced solutions increase the Company’s data center automation market share.
  • In June 2020, Oracle had launched its second data center in Hyderabad, India, whereas earlier it had opened its first data center in Mumbai, India. Launching of new data centers provide opportunities for the market growth.
1. Data Center Automation Market - Overview
        1.1 Definitions and Scope
2. Data Center Automation Market - Executive summary
        2.1 Market Revenue, Market Size and Key Trends by Company
        2.2 Key Trends by type of Application
        2.3 Key Trends segmented by Geography
3. Data Center Automation Market
        3.1 Comparative analysis
            3.1.1 Product Benchmarking - Top 10 companies
            3.1.2 Top 5 Financials Analysis
            3.1.3 Market Value split by Top 10 companies
            3.1.4 Patent Analysis - Top 10 companies
            3.1.5 Pricing Analysis
4. Data Center Automation Market - Startup companies Scenario Premium
        4.1 Top 10 startup company Analysis by
            4.1.1 Investment
            4.1.2 Revenue
            4.1.3 Market Shares
            4.1.4 Market Size and Application Analysis
            4.1.5 Venture Capital and Funding Scenario
5. Data Center Automation Market - Industry Market Entry Scenario Premium
        5.1 Regulatory Framework Overview
        5.2 New Business and Ease of Doing business index
        5.3 Case studies of successful ventures
        5.4 Customer Analysis - Top 10 companies
6. Data Center Automation Market Forces
        6.1 Drivers
        6.2 Constraints
        6.3 Challenges
        6.4 Porters five force model
            6.4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
            6.4.2 Bargaining powers of customers
            6.4.3 Threat of new entrants
            6.4.4 Rivalry among existing players
            6.4.5 Threat of substitutes
7. Data Center Automation Market -Strategic analysis
        7.1 Value chain analysis
        7.2 Opportunities analysis
        7.3 Product life cycle
        7.4 Suppliers and distributors Market Share
8. Data Center Automation Market - By Service (Market Size -$Million / $Billion)
8.1 Consulting Services
8.2 Installation & Support Services
9. Data Center Automation Market - By Solution Type (Market Size -$Million / $Billion)
9.1 Network Automation
9.2 Server Automation
9.3 Storage Automation
10. Data Center Automation Market Analysis By End User (Market Size -$Million / $Billion)
10.1 Enterprises
10.2 Cloud Services Provider
10.3 Colocation Services Provider
11. Data Center Automation Market Analysis By Vertical (Market Size -$Million / $Billion)
11.1 IT & Telecom
11.2 Media & Entertainment
11.3 Public Sector
11.4 Retail
11.5 Manufacturing
11.6 Healthcare
11.7 Other Verticals
12. Data Center Automation - By Application (Market Size -$Million / $Billion)
13. Data Center Automation- By Geography (Market Size -$Million / $Billion)
        13.1 Data Center Automation Market - North America Segment Research
        13.2 North America Market Research (Million / $Billion)
            13.2.1 Segment type Size and Market Size Analysis
            13.2.2 Revenue and Trends
            13.2.3 Application Revenue and Trends by type of Application
            13.2.4 Company Revenue and Product Analysis
            13.2.5 North America Product type and Application Market Size
                  13.2.5.1 U.S
                  13.2.5.2 Canada
                  13.2.5.3 Mexico
                  13.2.5.4 Rest of North America
        13.3 Data Center Automation- South America Segment Research
        13.4 South America Market Research (Market Size -$Million / $Billion)
            13.4.1 Segment type Size and Market Size Analysis
            13.4.2 Revenue and Trends
            13.4.3 Application Revenue and Trends by type of Application
            13.4.4 Company Revenue and Product Analysis
            13.4.5 South America Product type and Application Market Size
                  13.4.5.1 Brazil
                  13.4.5.2 Venezuela
                  13.4.5.3 Argentina
                  13.4.5.4 Ecuador
                  13.4.5.5 Peru
                  13.4.5.6 Colombia
                  13.4.5.7 Costa Rica
                  13.4.5.8 Rest of South America
        13.5 Data Center Automation- Europe Segment Research
        13.6 Europe Market Research (Market Size -$Million / $Billion)
            13.6.1 Segment type Size and Market Size Analysis
            13.6.2 Revenue and Trends
            13.6.3 Application Revenue and Trends by type of Application
            13.6.4 Company Revenue and Product Analysis
            13.6.5 Europe Segment Product type and Application Market Size
                  13.6.5.1 U.K
                  13.6.5.2 Germany
                  13.6.5.3 Italy
                  13.6.5.4 France
                  13.6.5.5 Netherlands
                  13.6.5.6 Belgium
                  13.6.5.7 Denmark
                  13.6.5.8 Spain
                  13.6.5.9 Rest of Europe
        13.7 Data Center Automation - APAC Segment Research
        13.8 APAC Market Research (Market Size -$Million / $Billion)
            13.8.1 Segment type Size and Market Size Analysis
            13.8.2 Revenue and Trends
            13.8.3 Application Revenue and Trends by type of Application
            13.8.4 Company Revenue and Product Analysis
            13.8.5 APAC Segment - Product type and Application Market Size
                  13.8.5.1 China
                  13.8.5.2 Australia
                  13.8.5.3 Japan
                  13.8.5.4 South Korea
                  13.8.5.5 India
                  13.8.5.6 Taiwan
                  13.8.5.7 Malaysia
                  13.8.5.8 Hong kong
                  13.8.5.9 Rest of APAC
        13.9 Data Center Automation - Middle East Segment and Africa Segment Research
        13.10 Middle East & Africa Market Research (Market Size -$Million / $Billion)
            13.10.1 Segment type Size and Market Size Analysis
            13.10.2 Revenue and Trend Analysis
            13.10.3 Application Revenue and Trends by type of Application
            13.10.4 Company Revenue and Product Analysis
            13.10.5 Middle East Segment Product type and Application Market Size
                  13.10.5.1 Israel
                  13.10.5.2 Saudi Arabia
                  13.10.5.3 UAE
            13.10.6 Africa Segment Analysis
                  13.10.6.1 South Africa
                  13.10.6.2 Rest of Middle East & Africa
14. Data Center Automation Market - Entropy
        14.1 New product launches
        14.2 M&A s, collaborations, JVs and partnerships
15. Data Center Automation Market - Industry / Segment Competition landscape Premium
        15.1 Market Share Analysis
            15.1.1 Market Share by Country- Top companies
            15.1.2 Market Share by Region- Top 10 companies
            15.1.3 Market Share by type of Application - Top 10 companies
            15.1.4 Market Share by type of Product / Product category- Top 10 companies
            15.1.5 Market Share at global level - Top 10 companies
            15.1.6 Best Practises for companies
16. Data Center Automation Market - Key Company List by Country Premium
17. Data Center Automation Market Company Analysis
17.1 Market Share, Company Revenue, Products, M&A, Developments
17.2 BMC Software, Inc.
17.3 Brocade Communications Systems 
17.4 CA Technologies, Inc. 
17.5 CISCO 
17.6 Dell, Inc. 
17.7 Fujitsu 
17.8 Hewlett-Packard 
17.9 IBM 
17.10 Microsoft Corporation 
17.11 Oracle 
17.12 VMware, Inc.
17.13 Company 12
17.14 Company 13 & more
*Financials would be provided on a best efforts basis for private companies
18. Data Center Automation Market - Appendix
        18.1 Abbreviations
        18.2 Sources
19. Data Center Automation Market - Methodology
        19.1 Research Methodology
            19.1.1 Company Expert Interviews
            19.1.2 Industry Databases
            19.1.3 Associations
            19.1.4 Company News
            19.1.5 Company Annual Reports
            19.1.6 Application Trends
            19.1.7 New Products and Product database
            19.1.8 Company Transcripts
            19.1.9 R&D Trends
            19.1.10 Key Opinion Leaders Interviews
            19.1.11 Supply and Demand Trends

LIST OF TABLES

1.Global Data Center Automation Market Analysis By Solution Type Market 2019-2024 ($M)
1.1 Network Automation Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
1.2 Server Automation Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
1.3 Storage Automation Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
2.Global Data Center Automation Market Analysis By Service Market 2019-2024 ($M)
2.1 Consulting Services Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
2.2 Installation & Support Services Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
3.Global Data Center Automation Market Analysis By End User Market 2019-2024 ($M)
3.1 Enterprises Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
3.2 Cloud Services Provider Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
3.3 Colocation Services Provider Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
4.Global Data Center Automation Market Analysis By Vertical Market 2019-2024 ($M)
4.1 IT & Telecom Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
4.2 Media & Entertainment Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
4.3 Public Sector Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
4.4 Retail Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
4.5 Manufacturing Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
4.6 Healthcare Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
5.Global Data Center Automation Market Analysis By Solution Type Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units)
5.1 Network Automation Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
5.2 Server Automation Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
5.3 Storage Automation Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
6.Global Data Center Automation Market Analysis By Service Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units)
6.1 Consulting Services Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
6.2 Installation & Support Services Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
7.Global Data Center Automation Market Analysis By End User Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units)
7.1 Enterprises Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
7.2 Cloud Services Provider Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
7.3 Colocation Services Provider Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
8.Global Data Center Automation Market Analysis By Vertical Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units)
8.1 IT & Telecom Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
8.2 Media & Entertainment Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
8.3 Public Sector Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
8.4 Retail Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
8.5 Manufacturing Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
8.6 Healthcare Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
9.North America Data Center Automation Market Analysis By Solution Type Market 2019-2024 ($M)
9.1 Network Automation Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
9.2 Server Automation Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
9.3 Storage Automation Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
10.North America Data Center Automation Market Analysis By Service Market 2019-2024 ($M)
10.1 Consulting Services Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
10.2 Installation & Support Services Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
11.North America Data Center Automation Market Analysis By End User Market 2019-2024 ($M)
11.1 Enterprises Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
11.2 Cloud Services Provider Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
11.3 Colocation Services Provider Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
12.North America Data Center Automation Market Analysis By Vertical Market 2019-2024 ($M)
12.1 IT & Telecom Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
12.2 Media & Entertainment Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
12.3 Public Sector Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
12.4 Retail Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
12.5 Manufacturing Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
12.6 Healthcare Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
13.South America Data Center Automation Market Analysis By Solution Type Market 2019-2024 ($M)
13.1 Network Automation Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
13.2 Server Automation Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
13.3 Storage Automation Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
14.South America Data Center Automation Market Analysis By Service Market 2019-2024 ($M)
14.1 Consulting Services Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
14.2 Installation & Support Services Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
15.South America Data Center Automation Market Analysis By End User Market 2019-2024 ($M)
15.1 Enterprises Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
15.2 Cloud Services Provider Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
15.3 Colocation Services Provider Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
16.South America Data Center Automation Market Analysis By Vertical Market 2019-2024 ($M)
16.1 IT & Telecom Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
16.2 Media & Entertainment Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
16.3 Public Sector Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
16.4 Retail Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
16.5 Manufacturing Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
16.6 Healthcare Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
17.Europe Data Center Automation Market Analysis By Solution Type Market 2019-2024 ($M)
17.1 Network Automation Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
17.2 Server Automation Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
17.3 Storage Automation Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
18.Europe Data Center Automation Market Analysis By Service Market 2019-2024 ($M)
18.1 Consulting Services Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
18.2 Installation & Support Services Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
19.Europe Data Center Automation Market Analysis By End User Market 2019-2024 ($M)
19.1 Enterprises Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
19.2 Cloud Services Provider Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
19.3 Colocation Services Provider Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
20.Europe Data Center Automation Market Analysis By Vertical Market 2019-2024 ($M)
20.1 IT & Telecom Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
20.2 Media & Entertainment Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
20.3 Public Sector Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
20.4 Retail Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
20.5 Manufacturing Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
20.6 Healthcare Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
21.APAC Data Center Automation Market Analysis By Solution Type Market 2019-2024 ($M)
21.1 Network Automation Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
21.2 Server Automation Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
21.3 Storage Automation Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
22.APAC Data Center Automation Market Analysis By Service Market 2019-2024 ($M)
22.1 Consulting Services Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
22.2 Installation & Support Services Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
23.APAC Data Center Automation Market Analysis By End User Market 2019-2024 ($M)
23.1 Enterprises Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
23.2 Cloud Services Provider Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
23.3 Colocation Services Provider Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
24.APAC Data Center Automation Market Analysis By Vertical Market 2019-2024 ($M)
24.1 IT & Telecom Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
24.2 Media & Entertainment Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
24.3 Public Sector Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
24.4 Retail Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
24.5 Manufacturing Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
24.6 Healthcare Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
25.MENA Data Center Automation Market Analysis By Solution Type Market 2019-2024 ($M)
25.1 Network Automation Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
25.2 Server Automation Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
25.3 Storage Automation Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
26.MENA Data Center Automation Market Analysis By Service Market 2019-2024 ($M)
26.1 Consulting Services Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
26.2 Installation & Support Services Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
27.MENA Data Center Automation Market Analysis By End User Market 2019-2024 ($M)
27.1 Enterprises Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
27.2 Cloud Services Provider Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
27.3 Colocation Services Provider Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
28.MENA Data Center Automation Market Analysis By Vertical Market 2019-2024 ($M)
28.1 IT & Telecom Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
28.2 Media & Entertainment Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
28.3 Public Sector Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
28.4 Retail Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
28.5 Manufacturing Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
28.6 Healthcare Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research

LIST OF FIGURES

1.US Data Center Automation Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
2.Canada Data Center Automation Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
3.Mexico Data Center Automation Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
4.Brazil Data Center Automation Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
5.Argentina Data Center Automation Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
6.Peru Data Center Automation Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
7.Colombia Data Center Automation Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
8.Chile Data Center Automation Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
9.Rest of South America Data Center Automation Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
10.UK Data Center Automation Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
11.Germany Data Center Automation Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
12.France Data Center Automation Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
13.Italy Data Center Automation Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
14.Spain Data Center Automation Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
15.Rest of Europe Data Center Automation Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
16.China Data Center Automation Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
17.India Data Center Automation Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
18.Japan Data Center Automation Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
19.South Korea Data Center Automation Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
20.South Africa Data Center Automation Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
21.North America Data Center Automation By Application
22.South America Data Center Automation By Application
23.Europe Data Center Automation By Application
24.APAC Data Center Automation By Application
25.MENA Data Center Automation By Application